SINUSITIS
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1 :- group b meningococcus infection, causes: unusually serious SINUSITIS.
2 :- unusually serious SINUSITIS, sequel: group B meningococcus infection.
3 :- otitis media may follow cold, SINUSITIS, or tonsillitis
4 :- catarrh inside cavities produces frontal headache characteristic of a ‘cold in head',. infection develops known as SINUSITIS .
5 :- haemophilus gram-negative . rod-like, aerobic. non-sporing. non-motile parasitic bacteria. found in respiratory tract, . may be part of normal flora. but may be responsible for several diseases. main pathogenic species of haemophilus h. influenzae,. may cause severe exacerbations of chronic bronchitis . as well as meningitis , epiglottitis , SINUSITIS ,. otitis media . other species may cause conjunctivitis or chancroid
6 :- halitosis bad breath. this may be a sign of illness - for example. lung disease or SINUSITIS.
7 :- stress-induced headache, most effective treatment relaxation. many specific treatments for migraine. hypertension. SINUSITIS treated with antibiotics. by surgery.
8 :- local infections such as SINUSITIS or middle-ear infection require treatment,.
9 :- polyps, nasal. growths of soft jelly-like character: they arise from chronic inflammation associated with allergic rhinitis. chronic SINUSITIS. asthma. and aspirin abuse. large polyps can cause erosion of nasal bones. should be surgically removed. bleeding . foreign bodies at first these may not cause any symptoms.
10 :- vasomotor rhinitis occurs when mucosa becomes oversensitive to stimuli like pollutants. temperature changes or certain foods or medicines. it may occur as a result of emotional disturbances. common in pregnancy. viral rhinitis occurs as a result of infection by common cold virus; treatment symptomatic. SINUSITIS a complication.
11 :- aerosinusitis Painful sinus troubles due to changing atmospheric pressures. Aerosinusitis is cause of sinus pain when going up or down in a plane. known as baro SINUSITIS. sinus barotrauma.
12 :- Aspergillosis causes allergic SINUSITIS. allergic bronchopulmonary disease.
13 :- barosinusitis = aero SINUSITIS. barotitis = aerotitis.
14 :- juxtavesicular Near bladder. Kk Kartagener syndrome A genetic syndrome that is characterized by SINUSITIS. bronchiectasis (widening. inflammation of bronchi). dextrocardia (heart on right side of chest),. infertility.
15 :- postnasal drip Mucous accumulation in back of nose. throat that leads to or gives sensation of mucus dripping down from back of nose. Postnasal drip one of most common sequels of SINUSITIS. nasal allergies,. common cold.
16 :- Air enters sinuses through small openings in bone called ostia. If an ostium blocked. air cannot pass into sinus . likewise. mucous cannot drain out. = SINUSITIS.
17 :- Simian crease A single transverse crease in palm. a minor variation associated with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). a number of chromosomal and other abnormalities. called a four-finger crease; single palmar flexion crease; single upper palm crease. sinus barotrauma = aero SINUSITIS. SIL Squamous intraepi lial lesion. single gene disease = disease. single gene.
18 :- sinusitis Inflammation of lining membrane in any of hollow areas (sinuses) of skull around nose. SINUSITIS may be caused by anything that interferes with air flow into sinuses. drainage of mucous out of sinuses.
19 :- sinuses, obstruction by tumors: can become obstructed by tumors or growths. Stagnated mucous provides a perfect environment for bacterial infection. of SINUSITIS include headache; facial tenderness or pain; fever; cloudy. discolored nasal drainage; a feeling of nasal stuffiness; sore throat;. cough. Acute SINUSITIS is usually treated with antibiotic therapy. Chronic forms of SINUSITIS require long courses of antibiotics and may require a sinus drainage procedure.
20 :- Nasogastric feeding tube misplacement occurs more commonly in unconscious than in conscious patients. Intubation of tracheobronchial tree has been reported in up to 15% of patients. Intracranial placement can occur in patients with skull fractures. Erosive tissue damage can lead to nasopharyngeal erosions. pharyngitis. SINUSITIS. otitis media. pneumothorax,. GI tract perforation. Tube occlusion often caused by inspissated feedings or pulverized medications given through small-diameter (less than No. 10 French) tubes. Frequent flushing of tube with 3060 mL of water. avoiding administration of pill fragments or thick medications help to prevent occlusion.
21 :- Nasotracheal intubation often requires smaller endotracheal tubes that more susceptible to kinking. obstruction. associated with a higher incidence of otitis media. SINUSITIS.
22 :- Tests that identify chronic SINUSITIS or infertility. especially obstructive azoospermia in men. would support diagnosis of CF.
23 :- Primary ciliary dyskinesia or immunoglobulin deficiency may lead to bronchiectasis. SINUSITIS,. infertility. limited GI symptoms. normal sweat electrolytes distinguish these diseases from CYSTIC FIBROSIS [CF] .
24 :- Men with Young syndrome have bronchiectasis. SINUSITIS,. azoospermia. Young Syndrome has only respiratory symptoms. no GI symptoms. normal sweat chloride levels. CYSTIC FIBROSIS [CF] therapy aims to improve quality of life. functioning. decrease number of exacerbations. hospitalizations. avoid complications associated with therapy,. decrease mortality. A comprehensive program addressing multiple organ/system derangements. greatest number of adults with CYSTIC FIBROSIS [CF] have significant lung disease. a large portion of therapy focused on clearing pulmonary secretions. controlling infection. Behavioral Avoidance of irritating inhaled fumes. dusts. or chemicals including second-hand smoke recommended.
25 :- Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) a small-vessel vasculitis distinguished from other vasculitidies by tissue. blood eosinophilia. intravascular. extravascular eosinophilic granuloma formation. lung involvement with transient infiltrates on chest radiograph,. association with asthma. onset of asthma. eosinophilia may precede development of CSS by several years. other manifestations : SINUSITIS. mono- or polyneuropathy,. rash.
26 :- asthma, Epidemiology reported prevalence of asthma variable. depends on specific population being studied. criteria used to define asthma. TABLE 10-4 Conditions That Can Present as Refractory Asthma Upper airway obstruction Tumor Epiglottitis Vocal cord dysfunction Obstructive sleep apnea Tracheomalacia Endobronchial lesion Foreign body Congestive heart failure Gastroesophageal reflux SINUSITIS Herpetic tracheobronchitis Adverse drug reaction Aspirin I2- Adrenergic antagonist Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Inhaled pentamidine Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hyperventilation with panic attacks
27 :- Allergens. like dust mites. cockroaches,. pet dander. cause an increase in airway inflammation. symptoms in allergic patients. Many occupational allergens. irritants cause asthma. even in small doses. Viral upper respiratory tract infections. SINUSITIS causes of asthma exacerbations.
28 :- asthma, Antibiotics have not been shown to have any benefit when administered routinely for acute asthma exacerbations. they can only be recommended as needed for treatment of comorbid conditions. like pneumonia or bacterial SINUSITIS.
29 :- asthma, Referrals Patients should be referred to a specialist in asthma care if they have life-threatening asthma; atypical signs or symptoms; comorbidities like SINUSITIS. nasal polyps. aspergillosis. vocal cord dysfunction. gastroesophageal reflux. severe rhinitis; additional diagnostic testing needed. like rhinoscopy or bronchoscopy. bronchoprovocation testing. allergy skin testing; severe persistent asthma not responding to standard care. requirement of chronic oral corticosteroids;. a need for allergen immuno therapy.
30 :- streptococcal pharyngitis. prophylaxis after acute rheumatic fever or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. used to treat group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Ampicillin (23 g IV q46h) drug of choice for treatment of infections caused by susceptible enterococcus species. group B streptococci. or L. monocytogenes. Oral ampicillin (250500 mg PO qid) may be used for uncomplicated SINUSITIS. pharyngitis. otitis media,. urinary tract infections (UTIs). but amoxicillin preferred.
31 :- Amoxicillin (250500 mg PO tid) oral antibiotic similar to ampicillin that is commonly used for uncomplicated SINUSITIS. pharyngitis. otitis media,. UTIs. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (875 mg PO bid. or 500 mg PO tid. or 90 mg/kg/d divided q12h Augmentin ES-600 suspension/ . or 2,000 mg PO q12h Augmentin XR/ ) oral antibiotic similar to ampicillin/sulbactam that combines amoxicillin with I2- lactamase inhibitor clavulanate. useful for treating complicated SINUSITIS. otitis media,. skin infections. oral antibiotic of choice for prophylaxis in human or animal bites after appropriate local treatment. often used as a step-down therapy from IV ampicillin/sulbactam.
32 :- Cefuroxime axetil (250500 mg PO bid). cefprozil (250500 mg PO bid),. cefaclor (250500 mg PO bid) oral second-generation cephalosporins used for bronchitis. SINUSITIS. otitis media. UTIs. local soft tissue infections,. step-down therapy for pneumonia or cellulitis responsive to parenteral cephalosporins. Loracarbef (200400 mg PO q1224h) chemically classified as a carbacephem rather than a cephalosporin but used for same indications as oral these cond-generation cephalosporins.
33 :- Cefpodoxime proxetil (100400 mg PO bid). cefdinir (300 mg PO bid). ceftibuten (400 mg PO daily),. cefditoren pivoxil (200400 mg PO bid) oral third-generation cephalosporins useful for treatment of bronchitis. complicated SINUSITIS. otitis media,. UTIs. these agents can be used as step-down therapy for pneumonia responsive to parenteral third-generation cephalosporins. Cefpodoxime used as single-dose therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea.
34 :- Moxifloxacin may be used as mono therapy of complicated intra-abdominal or skin. soft tissue infections. Each of these agents useful for treatment of SINUSITIS. bronchitis. community-acquired pneumonia,.
35 :- Macrolide. lincosamide antibiotics bacteriostatic agents that block protein synthesis in bacteria by binding 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome. This class of antibiotics has activity against Gram-positive cocci. including streptococci. staphylococci,. some upper respiratory Gram-negative bacteria. but minimal activity against enteric Gram-negative rods. they commonly used to treat pharyngitis. otitis media. SINUSITIS,. bronchitis. especially in PCN-allergic patients,. among drugs of choice for treating Legionella . Chlamydia,. Mycoplasma infections.
36 :- Erythromycin, action: (250500 mg PO qid or 0.51.0 g IV q6h) possesses activity against Gram-positive cocci (except enterococci). used to treat bronchitis. pharyngitis. SINUSITIS. otitis media,. soft tissue infections in PCN-allergic patients. effective for treatment of atypical respiratory tract infections due to Legionella pneumophila (1 g IV q6h). C. pneumoniae,. Mycoplasma pneumoniae. significant resistance to erythromycin among Haemophilus influenzae species,. efficacy of this drug for upper. lower respiratory tract infections limited.
37 :- Clarithromycin (250500 mg PO bid or 1,000 mg XL PO daily) has a spectrum of activity similar to that of erythromycin but with enhanced activity against some respiratory pathogens (especially Haemophilus). commonly used to treat bronchitis. SINUSITIS. otitis media. pharyngitis. soft tissue infections,. community-acquired pneumonia. It has a prominent role in treating MAC infections in HIV patients. component of regimens used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori 16. Gastrointestinal Diseases).
38 :- Azithromycin (500 mg PO for 1 day. 250 mg PO daily for 4 days; 250500 mg PO daily; 500 mg PO daily for 3 days; 2,000 mg microspheres PO for one dose; 500 mg IV daily) has a similar spectrum of activity to clarithromycin. commonly used to treat bronchitis. SINUSITIS. otitis media. pharyngitis. soft tissue infections,. community-acquired pneumonia. It has a prominent role in MAC prophylaxis (1,200 mg PO every week). treatment (250500 mg PO daily) in HIV patients. commonly used to treat C. trachomatis infections (1 g PO single dosAns.
39 :- Sulfamethoxazole. Sulfadiazine. Sulfisoxazole, Trimetrexate,. Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole. sulfadiazine. sulfisoxazole. trimetrexate,. trimethoprim slowly kill bacteria by inhibiting folic acid metabolism. This class of antibiotics most commonly used for uncomplicated UTIs. SINUSITIS,. otitis media. they have unique roles in treatment of Stenotrophomonas infections.
40 :- trimethoprim, therapy of choice for pneumonia . Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Tropheryma whippelii. Nocardia infections. commonly used for treating SINUSITIS. otitis media. bronchitis. prostatitis,. UTIs (1 DS PO bid).
41 :- Sinusitis General Principles SINUSITIS caused by obstruction of osteomeatal complex. goals of medical therapy for acute. chronic SINUSITIS to control infection. reduce tissue edema. facilitate drainage. maintain patency of sinus ostia,. break pathologic cycle that leads to chronic SINUSITIS.
42 :- Second-generation cephalosporins. amoxicillin/clavulanate. and macrolides good second-line agents in case of primary treatment failure. With chronic SINUSITIS. patients experience nasal congestion or obstruction. Secondary complaints : pain. pressure. postnasal discharge,. fatigue.
43 :- unresponsive chronic SINUSITIS, surgeries: endoscopic surgery.
44 :- Wegener's SINUSITIS c-ANCA Prednisone,
45 :- secondary headaches, Extracranial causes : giant-cell arteritis. SINUSITIS. glaucoma. optic neuritis. dental disease (including temporomandibular joint syndromAns,. disorders of cervical spine.
46 :- fluoroquinolones: in treatment of respiratory infections. may not be drugs of choice; these infections : acute. chronic bacterial SINUSITIS. A second-generation cephalosporin. like cefuroxime. usually the drug of choice in acute SINUSITIS associated with M. catarrhalis. H. influenzae,. S. pneumoniae.
47 :- amoxicillin, SINUSITIS. Amoxicillin in multidrug regimens for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal. gastric ulcers. Several formulations combine a Beta-lactam antibiotic with a Beta-lactamase inhibitor (ampicillin-sulbactam Unasyn/ . ticarcillin-clavulanic acid Timentin/ . piperacillin-tazobactam Zosyn/ ,. amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Augmentin/ ).
48 :- Nafarelin nasal spray may cause or aggravate SINUSITIS.
49 :- aminopenicillins. ampicillin. amoxicillin. have identical spectrums. activity. but amoxicillin better absorbed orally. Amoxicillin. 250 / 500 mg three times daily. equivalent to same amount of ampicillin given four times daily. These drugs are given orally to treat urinary tract infections, SINUSITIS. otitis,. lower respiratory tract infections.
50 :- The oral second-generation cephalosporins are active against-lactamase-producing H influenzae or Moraxella catarrhalis. used totreat SINUSITIS. otitis,. lower respiratory tract infections. these organisms have an role. Because of their activity against anaerobes (including B fragilis). cefoxitin. cefotetan. or cefmetazole used to treat mixed anaerobic infections like peritonitis or diverticulitis.
51 :- Telithromycin indicated for treatment of respiratory tract infections. including community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. SINUSITIS,. streptococcal pharyngitis. a reversible inhibitor CYP3A4 enzyme system. may slightly prolong QTc interval. Rare cases of hepatitis. liver failure reported.
52 :- empiric therapy, should FORMULATE A CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MICROBIAL INFECTION Using all available data. clinician should determine that there anatomic evidence of infection (eg. pneumonia. cellulitis. SINUSITIS).
53 :- recurrent infections (eg. SINUSITIS. urinary tract infections). longer courses of antimicrobial therapy or surgical intervention for eradication.
54 :- upper respiratory infections. SINUSITIS. bronchitis,. pneumonia. cellulitis. Are these less serious? Some view so.
